How much does it cost to prepare a RAP?
Preparation is a consultancy fee driven by parcel count and terrain; compensation is a separate and far larger budget. What drives each.
Two different numbers get called the cost of a RAP. Preparing the plan is a consultancy fee — typically a low six-figure sum in US dollars for a substantial project, driven mostly by how many parcels have to be enumerated. Paying the compensation the plan calculates is a separate budget, usually an order of magnitude larger, and it belongs to the project rather than to the consultant.
What drives the preparation fee
- Number of affected parcels and households. Enumeration is the largest line, and it scales with parcels, not with corridor length. A fragmented smallholder landscape can cost several times what the same distance costs across large holdings.
- Terrain and access. Field days are the unit of cost, and difficult access multiplies them.
- Number of settlements to consult. Each requires its own sessions, and reaching women, tenants and absentees means more than one visit each.[2]
- Depth of the socioeconomic baseline. A baseline capable of supporting livelihood monitoring costs more than an asset census and is the thing that makes restoration assessable later.[1]
- Physical versus economic displacement. Physical displacement pulls in site selection, housing design and host community work — a different scope entirely.
What the plan then commits the project to spend
The compensation and implementation budget is where the real money is, and it is routinely under-estimated at feasibility because it is drawn before anyone has counted anything. The lines most often missing:
- Transitional support between displacement and the replacement asset becoming productive.
- Livelihood restoration beyond training — working capital, land purchase support, years of staffing.
- Grievance mechanism operating costs through implementation.
- Monitoring and the completion audit, which fall after construction ends.
- The implementing unit's own staffing and transport.
- Contingency sized against observed variance rather than a nominal percentage.[3]
The false economy
Cutting the preparation fee reliably increases the total. A thin enumeration produces omitted households who reappear as grievances during construction; a thin baseline makes livelihood restoration unmeasurable, which turns into a completion audit finding; a compressed consultation produces disputes that stop possession.
The comparison worth making is not consultant A against consultant B on fee. It is the fee against a fortnight of a stopped construction contract, which is what an unresolved corridor section costs.[4]
Getting a comparable quote
Specify the survey instrument, the enumerator-to-household ratio, minimum field days per key expert, the number of consultation rounds, and the data deliverable including its audit trail. Without those, bids differ by scope rather than by price, and the cheapest one has usually solved the problem by doing less enumeration.
Sources
- [1]Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement — International Finance Corporation, 2012.
- [2]Good Practice Handbook: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement — International Finance Corporation, 2023.
- [3]ESF Guidance Note 5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement — World Bank, 2018.
- [4]Guidance Note 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement — International Finance Corporation, 2012.
Olule Solomon
Lead Consultant, ValueSpace
Olule Solomon is Lead Consultant at ValueSpace, where he works on land acquisition and resettlement systems for donor-financed infrastructure in East Africa. He writes about the practical gap between what the safeguard standards require and what a project can actually evidence at completion audit.
Related reading
- Costing a RAP: why resettlement budgets are wrong before they are approvedWhat a resettlement budget must contain, the line items projects systematically omit, and why contingency is not padding.
- Writing terms of reference for a RAP consultancyMost weaknesses in a RAP were procured, not drafted. The clauses that decide whether the plan you receive is implementable.
- How long does a Resettlement Action Plan take?Nine to eighteen months for preparation on a typical project, and years for implementation. What sets each stage, and what makes it slip.
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